Human Baby in Whom Human Baby in Whom Final Stages

American German-born psychoanalyst & essayist

Erik Erikson
Built-in	Erik Salomonsen (1902-06-15)xv June 1902 Frankfurt, Hesse, Germany[ane]
Died	12 May 1994(1994-05-12) (aged 91) Harwich, Massachusetts, U.S.[ane]
Citizenship	American German
Spouse(s)	Joan Serson Erikson ​ (g. 1930)​
Children	Kai T. Erikson Jon Erikson Sue Erikson Bloland Neil Erikson
Awards	Pulitzer Prize (1970) National Book Award (1970)
Academic background
Influences	Ruth Benedict[2] Anna Freud[3] Sigmund Freud[4] Margaret Mead[two]
Academic work
Subject area	Psychology
Sub-discipline	Developmental psychology psychoanalysis
Institutions	Yale University University of California, Berkeley University of Pittsburgh Harvard Academy
Notable students	Richard Sennett
Notable works	Childhood and Society (1950) Young man Luther (1958) Gandhi's Truth (1969) The Life Wheel Completed (1987)
Notable ideas	Theory on psychological evolution
Influenced	Eric Berne[5] Robert Coles[6] James W. Fowler[seven] Howard Gardner[8] James Marcia

Erik Homburger Erikson (built-in Erik Salomonsen; fifteen June 1902 – 12 May 1994) was a Danish-German-American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychological development of human beings. He coined the phrase identity crisis.

Despite lacking a bachelor's degree, Erikson served as a professor at prominent institutions, including Harvard, Academy of California, Berkeley,^[9] and Yale. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Erikson as the 12th most eminent psychologist of the 20th century.^[10]

Early life [edit]

Erikson'due south mother, Karla Abrahamsen, came from a prominent Jewish family in Copenhagen, Kingdom of denmark. She was married to Jewish stockbroker Valdemar Isidor Salomonsen, but had been estranged from him for several months at the time Erik was conceived. Niggling is known most Erik's biological begetter except that he was a non-Jewish Dane. On discovering her pregnancy, Karla fled to Frankfurt am Main in Deutschland where Erik was built-in on xv June 1902 and was given the surname Salomonsen.^[11] She fled due to conceiving Erik out of wedlock, and the identity of Erik's birth father was never made clear.^[9]

Following Erik's birth, Karla trained to be a nurse and moved to Karlsruhe. In 1905 she married Erik's Jewish pediatrician, Theodor Homburger. In 1908, Erik Salomonsen'southward name was inverse to Erik Homburger, and in 1911 he was officially adopted by his stepfather.^[12] Karla and Theodor told Erik that Theodor was his real father, just revealing the truth to him in late babyhood; he remained biting nearly the deception all his life.^[nine]

The development of identity seems to have been 1 of Erikson's greatest concerns in his own life as well as existence fundamental to his theoretical piece of work. As an older adult, he wrote virtually his boyish "identity confusion" in his European days. "My identity confusion", he wrote "[was at times on] the borderline betwixt neurosis and adolescent psychosis." Erikson'south girl wrote that her father's "real psychoanalytic identity" was not established until he "replaced his stepfather'due south surname [Homburger] with a name of his own invention [Erikson]."^[13] The decision to modify his last name came well-nigh as he started his job at Yale, and the "Erikson" name was accepted by Erik's family when they became American citizens.^[9] It is said his children enjoyed the fact they would non exist called "Hamburger" any longer.^[9]

Erik was a tall, blond, bluish-eyed boy who was raised in the Jewish organized religion. Due to these mixed identities, he was a target of bigotry by both Jewish and gentile children. At temple schoolhouse, his peers teased him for being Nordic; while at grammar school, he was teased for beingness Jewish.^[14] At Das Humanistische Gymnasium his chief interests were art, history and languages, but he lacked a full general interest in school and graduated without academic distinction.^[15] Subsequently graduation, instead of attention medical schoolhouse as his stepfather had desired, he attended art school in Munich, much to the liking of his mother and her friends.

Uncertain well-nigh his vocation and his fit in society, Erik dropped out of school and began a lengthy catamenia of roaming well-nigh Germany and Italy every bit a wandering artist with his childhood friend Peter Blos and others. For children from prominent High german families, taking a "wandering twelvemonth" was not uncommon. During his travels he oft sold or traded his sketches to people he met. Somewhen, Erik realized he would never become a full-time artist and returned to Karlsruhe and became an art teacher. During the fourth dimension he worked at his teaching job, Erik was hired past an heiress to sketch and eventually tutor her children. Erik worked very well with these children and was eventually hired by many other families that were close to Anna and Sigmund Freud.^[ix] During this period, which lasted until he was 25 years old, he continued to fence with questions about his male parent and competing ideas of ethnic, religious, and national identity.^[16]

Psychoanalytic feel and training [edit]

When Erikson was xx-five, his friend Peter Blos invited him to Vienna to tutor art ^[9] at the small Burlingham-Rosenfeld School for children whose affluent parents were undergoing psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud'southward daughter, Anna Freud.^[17] Anna noticed Erikson's sensitivity to children at the school and encouraged him to written report psychoanalysis at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute, where prominent analysts August Aichhorn, Heinz Hartmann, and Paul Federn were among those who supervised his theoretical studies. He specialized in child analysis and underwent a grooming analysis with Anna Freud. Helene Deutsch and Edward Bibring supervised his initial treatment of an developed.^[17] Simultaneously he studied the Montessori method of education, which focused on kid development and sexual stages.^{[18] [ failed verification ]} In 1933 he received his diploma from the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute. This and his Montessori diploma were to be Erikson'south only earned academic credentials for his life'south work.

United States [edit]

In 1930 Erikson married Joan Mowat Serson, a Canadian dancer and creative person whom Erikson had met at a dress brawl.^{[1] [nineteen] [20]} During their wedlock, Erikson converted to Christianity.^{[21] [22]} In 1933, with Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany, the burning of Freud's books in Berlin and the potential Nazi threat to Austria, the family left an impoverished Vienna with their two immature sons and emigrated to Copenhagen.^[23] Unable to regain Danish citizenship because of residence requirements, the family left for the The states, where citizenship would not be an consequence.^[24]

In the U.s.a., Erikson became the commencement child psychoanalyst in Boston and held positions at Massachusetts General Hospital, the Gauge Baker Guidance Centre, and at Harvard Medical School and Psychological Clinic, establishing a singular reputation as a clinician. In 1936, Erikson left Harvard and joined the staff at Yale Academy, where he worked at the Institute of Social Relations and taught at the medical school.^[25]

Erikson continued to deepen his interest in areas across psychoanalysis and to explore connections between psychology and anthropology. He fabricated important contacts with anthropologists such as Margaret Mead, Gregory Bateson, and Ruth Benedict.^[26] Erikson said his theory of the development of thought derived from his social and cultural studies. In 1938, he left Yale to written report the Sioux tribe in South Dakota on their reservation. Afterwards his studies in South Dakota, he traveled to California to report the Yurok tribe. Erikson discovered differences between the children of the Sioux and Yurok tribes. This marked the beginning of Erikson'due south life passion of showing the importance of events in childhood and how society affects them.^[27]

In 1939 he left Yale, and the Eriksons moved to California, where Erik had been invited to join a squad engaged in a longitudinal study of child development for the University of California at Berkeley's Institute of Kid Welfare. In addition, in San Francisco, he opened a private practice in child psychoanalysis.

While in California he was able to make his second study of American Indian children when he joined anthropologist Alfred Kroeber on a field trip to Northern California to written report the Yurok.^[15]

In 1950, after publishing the book, Babyhood and Society, for which he is best known, Erikson left the Academy of California when California'south Levering Act required professors there to sign loyalty oaths.^[28] From 1951 to 1960 he worked and taught at the Austen Riggs Heart, a prominent psychiatric handling facility in Stockbridge, Massachusetts, where he worked with emotionally troubled immature people. Another famous Stockbridge resident, Norman Rockwell, became Erikson'south patient and friend. During this fourth dimension he as well served as a visiting professor at the University of Pittsburgh where he worked with Benjamin Spock and Fred Rogers at Arsenal Plant nursery School of the Western Psychiatric Institute.^[29]

He returned to Harvard in the 1960s as a professor of human evolution and remained at that place until his retirement in 1970.^[30] In 1973 the National Endowment for the Humanities selected Erikson for the Jefferson Lecture, the United states' highest award for achievement in the humanities. Erikson's lecture was titled Dimensions of a New Identity.^{[31] [32]}

Theories of development and the ego [edit]

Erikson is credited with being one of the originators of ego psychology, which emphasized the role of the ego as being more than than a servant of the id. Although Erikson accepted Freud's theory, he did not focus on the parent-child relationship and gave more importance to the office of the ego, especially the person'southward progression as self.^[33] According to Erikson, the environment in which a child lived was crucial to providing growth, adjustment, a source of self-awareness and identity. Erikson won a Pulitzer Prize^[34] and a US National Book Honour in category Philosophy and Religion^[35] for Gandhi's Truth (1969),^[36] which focused more than on his theory equally applied to later phases in the life cycle.

In Erikson'due south discussion of evolution, he rarely mentioned a phase of development by historic period. In fact he referred to information technology equally a prolonged adolescence which has led to farther investigation into a catamenia of development betwixt adolescence and immature machismo called emerging adulthood.^[37] Erikson's theory of development includes various psychosocial crises where each conflict builds off of the previous stages.^[38] The result of each conflict can take negative or positive impacts on a person'due south development, however, a negative effect can be revisited and readdressed throughout the life span.^[39] On ego identity versus role confusion: ego identity enables each person to take a sense of individuality, or as Erikson would say, "Ego identity, then, in its subjective aspect, is the awareness of the fact that there is a self-sameness and continuity to the ego'southward synthesizing methods and a continuity of one's significant for others".^[40] Role confusion, withal, is, according to Barbara Engler, "the inability to conceive of oneself every bit a productive member of i'southward ain society."^[41] This inability to conceive of oneself as a productive member is a groovy danger; it can occur during adolescence, when looking for an occupation.

Erikson'southward theory of personality [edit]

The Erikson life-stages, in order of the 8 stages in which they may be acquired, are listed below, besides every bit the "virtues" that Erikson has attached to these stages, (these virtues are underlined).

1. Hope, Basic trust vs. bones mistrust-This phase covers the period of infancy, 0–1½ years old, which is the about key stage of life, every bit this is the stage that all other ones build off of.^[42] Whether the infant develops bones trust or bones mistrust is not merely a affair of nurture. It is multi-faceted and has strong social components. Information technology depends on the quality of the maternal relationship.^[43] The mother carries out and reflects her inner perceptions of trustworthiness, a sense of personal meaning, etc. on the child. An of import office of this stage is providing stable and constant care of the infant. This helps the kid develop trust that can transition into relationships other than parental. Additionally, children develop trust in others to back up them.^[44] If successful in this, the infant develops a sense of trust, which "forms the basis in the kid for a sense of identity." Failure to develop this trust will event in a feeling of fear and a sense that the globe is inconsistent and unpredictable.
2. Will, Autonomy vs. shame—This stage covers early childhood around one½–3 years old and introduces the concept of autonomy vs. shame and doubt. The child begins to discover the beginnings of his or her independence, and parents must facilitate the child's sense of doing basic tasks "all by himself/herself." Discouragement tin can pb to the child doubting his or her efficacy. During this stage the child is usually trying to master toilet preparation.^[45] Additionally, the kid discovers their talents or abilities, and it is important to ensure the child is able to explore those activities. Erikson states it is essential to allow the children freedom in exploration just also create an surroundings welcoming of failures. Therefore, the parent should not punish or reprimand the child for failing at the task. Shame and doubt occurs when the child feels incompetent in ability to consummate tasks and survive. Will is achieved with success of this stage. Children successful in this stage will have "self-control without a loss of cocky-esteem."^[44]
3. Purpose, Initiative vs. guilt—This stage covers preschool children from ages 3 to five. Does the child accept the ability to do things on her own, such as dress herself? Children in this stage are interacting with peers, and creating their own games and activities. Children in this stage practice independence and start to make their own decisions.^[46] If allowed to make these decisions, the child will develop confidence in her power to lead others. If the child is not allowed to make certain decisions, and then a sense of guilt develops. Guilt in this stage is characterized past a sense of beingness a burden to others, and the child volition therefore usually present themselves as a follower as they lack the confidence to do otherwise.^[47] Additionally, the child is asking many questions to build knowledge of the world. If the questions earn responses that are critical and condescending, the child will besides develop feelings of guilt. Success in this stage leads to the virtue of purpose, which is the normal balance between the ii extremes.^[44]
4. Competence, Industry vs. inferiority. This area covers school age children from five to twelve. Children compare their cocky worth to others around them. Friends can accept a significant bear on on the growth of the kid.^[48] The child can recognize major disparities in personal abilities relative to other children. Erikson places some emphasis on the teacher, who should ensure that children do not feel junior. During this stage the child's friend group increases in importance in his life. Often during this stage the kid will endeavor to prove competency with things rewarded in society, and as well develop satisfaction with his abilities. Encouraging the child increases feelings of adequacy and competency in ability to reach goals. Restriction from teachers or parents leads to doubt, questioning, and reluctance in abilities and therefore may not reach full capabilities. Competence, the virtue of this stage, is developed when a healthy remainder between the two extremes is reached.^[44]
5. Fidelity, Identity vs. role confusion—This section deals with adolescence, pregnant those between twelve and xviii years sometime. This occurs when nosotros start to question ourselves and ask questions relevant to who nosotros are and what we want to achieve. Who am I, how do I fit in? Where am I going in life? The boyish is exploring and seeking for her own unique identity. This is done by looking at personal beliefs, goals, and values. The morality of the individual is also explored and adult.^[44] Erikson believes that if the parents allow the child to explore, she will decide her own identity. If, however, the parents continually push her to suit to their views, the teen will face identity confusion. The teen is also looking towards the future in terms of employment, relationships, and families. Learning the roles she provides in society is essential since the teen begins to develop the desire to fit in to lodge. Fidelity is characterized by the ability to commit to others and acceptance of others fifty-fifty with differences. Identity crisis is the result of role defoliation and can cause the adolescent to effort out different lifestyles.^[44]
6. Love, Intimacy vs. isolation—This is the first stage of developed evolution. This development ordinarily happens during young adulthood, which is betwixt the ages of 18 to 40. This stage marks a transition from just thinking almost ourselves to thinking about other people in the world. We are social creatures and equally a effect need to be with other people and form relationships with them. Dating, union, family unit and friendships are important during this stage in their life. This is due to the increase in the growth of intimate relationships with others.^[44] It is important to note that ego development earlier in life (middle adolescence) is a strong predictor of how well intimacy for romantic relationships will transpire in emerging machismo.^[49] By successfully forming loving relationships with other people, individuals are able to experience dearest and intimacy. They besides feel safety, care, and commitment in these relationships.^[44] Furthermore, if individuals are able to successfully resolve the crisis of intimacy versus isolation, they are able to accomplish the virtue of love.^[50] Those who fail to class lasting relationships may feel isolated and alone.
7. Care, Generativity vs. stagnation—The second stage of adulthood happens between the ages of 40–65. During this fourth dimension people are normally settled in their lives and know what is important to them. A person is either making progress in his career or treading lightly in his career and unsure if this is what he wants to do for the residuum of his working life. Also during this time, a person may be raising their children. If they are a parent, then they are reevaluating their life roles.^[51] This is one way of contributing to order along with productivity at work and involvement in community activities and organizations.^[44] Individuals that exercise the concept of generativity believe in the next generation and seek to nurture them in artistic ways through practices such as parenting, pedagogy, and mentoring.^[52] Having a sense of generativity can be considered significant for both the individual and the society, exemplifying their roles as effective parents, leaders for organizations, etc.^[53] If a person is not comfortable with the way his life is progressing, he's usually regretful virtually the decisions that he has made in the past and feels a sense of uselessness.^[54]
8. Wisdom, Ego integrity vs. despair—This stage affects the historic period group of 65 and on. During this time an individual has reached the final affiliate in her life and retirement is approaching or has already taken place. Individuals in this stage must learn to accept the course of their life or they volition look back on it with despair.^[55] Ego-integrity means the acceptance of life in its fullness: the victories and the defeats, what was accomplished and what was not accomplished. Wisdom is the issue of successfully accomplishing this last developmental job. Wisdom is defined as "informed and detached concern for life itself in the face up of death itself."^[56] Having a guilty censor nearly the by or failing to accomplish important goals will eventually lead to low and hopelessness. Achieving the virtue of the stage involves the feeling of living a successful life.^[44]
9. For the Ninth Phase run across Erikson'due south stages of psychosocial development § Ninth Stage.

Favorable outcomes of each stage are sometimes known as virtues, a term used in the context of Erikson'south work as it is practical to medicine, pregnant "potencies". These virtues are also interpreted to exist the same as "strengths", which are considered inherent in the individual life cycle and in the sequence of generations.^[57] Erikson'south research suggests that each individual must learn how to hold both extremes of each specific life-stage claiming in tension with 1 another, non rejecting one end of the tension or the other. Only when both extremes in a life-phase challenge are understood and accepted as both required and useful, tin the optimal virtue for that stage surface. Thus, 'trust' and 'mis-trust' must both be understood and accustomed, in order for realistic 'hope' to emerge every bit a viable solution at the first phase. Similarly, 'integrity' and 'despair' must both be understood and embraced, in social club for actionable 'wisdom' to emerge every bit a viable solution at the last stage.

Erikson's psychology of faith [edit]

Psychoanalytic writers take ever engaged in nonclinical interpretation of cultural phenomena such as art, organized religion, and historical movements. Erik Erikson gave such a stiff contribution that his work was well received by students of organized religion and spurred various secondary literature.^[58]

Erikson's psychology of religion begins with an acknowledgement of how religious tradition tin have an interplay with a child'due south basic sense of trust or mistrust.^[59] With regard to Erikson's theory of personality as expressed in his eight stages of the life cycle, each with their different tasks to master, each also included a corresponding virtue, as mentioned above, which form a taxonomy for religious and ethical life. Erikson extends this construct by emphasizing that human individual and social life is characterized past ritualization, "an agreed-upon coaction betwixt at to the lowest degree two persons who echo it at meaningful intervals an in recurring contexts." Such ritualization involves conscientious considerateness to what can be called ceremonial forms and details, higher symbolic meanings, agile engagement of participants, and a feeling of absolute necessity.^[sixty] Each life bicycle stage includes its ain ritualization with a corresponding ritualism: numinous vs. idolism, judicious vs. legalism, dramatic vs. impersonation, formal vs. formalism, ideological vs. totalism, affiliative vs. elitism, generational vs. authoritism, and integral vs. dogmatism.^[61]

Perhaps Erikson's best-known contributions to the psychology of organized religion were his book length psychobiographies, Young Human being Luther: A Study in Psychoanalysis and History, on Martin Luther, and Gandhi's Truth, on Mohandas M. Gandhi, for which he remarkably won the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Honor. Both books endeavour to testify how childhood development and parental influence, social and cultural context, even political crises form a confluence with personal identity. These studies demonstrate how each influential person discovered mastery, both individually and socially, in what Erikson would call the historical moment. Individuals similar Luther or Gandhi were what Erikson called a Human Religiosus, individuals for whom the final life cycle challenge of integrity vs. despair is a lifelong crisis, and they get gifted innovators whose own psychological cure becomes an ideological breakthrough for their time.^[58]

Personal life [edit]

Erikson married Canadian-born American dancer and creative person Joan Erikson (née Sarah Lucretia Serson) in 1930 and they remained together until his death.^[21]

The Eriksons had four children: Kai T. Erikson, Jon Erikson, Sue Erikson Bloland, and Neil Erikson. His eldest son, Kai T. Erikson, is an American sociologist. Their daughter, Sue, "an integrative psychotherapist and psychoanalyst",^[62] described her father equally plagued by "lifelong feelings of personal inadequacy".^[63] He idea that by combining resources with his married woman, he could "achieve the recognition" that might produce a feeling of adequacy.^[64]

Erikson died on 12 May 1994 in Harwich, Massachusetts. He is buried in the Starting time Congregational Church building Cemetery in Harwich.^[65]

Bibliography [edit]

Major works [edit]

• Childhood and Order (1950)
• Young Man Luther: A Written report in Psychoanalysis and History (1958)
• Insight and Responsibility (1966)^[66]
• Identity: Youth and Crisis (1968)^[67]
• Gandhi'southward Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence (1969)^[36]
• Life History and the Historical Moment (1975)^[68]
• Toys and Reasons: Stages in the Ritualization of Experience (1977)^[69]
• Machismo (edited book, 1978)^[70]
• Vital Involvement in Sometime Age (with J. Thou. Erikson and H. Kivnick, 1986)^[71]
• The Life Bicycle Completed (with J. Chiliad. Erikson, 1987)^[72]

Collections [edit]

• Identity and the Life Cycle. Selected Papers (1959)^[73]
• "A Way of Looking at Things – Selected Papers from 1930 to 1980, Erik H. Erikson" ed. by S. Schlein, W. W. Norton & Co, New York, (1995)

Encounter likewise [edit]

• Erikson Institute

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} "Erik Erikson, 91, Psychoanalyst Who Reshaped Views of Human being Growth, Dies". The New York Times. 13 March 1994. Retrieved 19 Oct 2017.
2. ^ ^{a b} Burston 2007, p. 93.
3. ^ Stevens 2008, p. 109.
4. ^ McLeod, Saul (2017) [2008]. "Erik Erikson". But Psychology . Retrieved twenty October 2017.
5. ^ Heathcoate 2010, p. 257.
6. ^ Eckenfels 2008, p. vii.
7. ^ Osmer & Bridgers 2018.
8. ^ Ireland, Corydon (17 October 2013). "Howard Gardner: 'A Approving of Influences'". Harvard Gazette. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
9. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} "Erik Erikson". Encyclopedia. 2018.
10. ^ Haggbloom et al. 2002.
11. ^ Friedman 2000, p. 29.
12. ^ "Erik H. Erikson". Sweet Briar, Virginia: Sweet Briar College. Archived from the original on fifteen May 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
13. ^ Erikson Bloland 2005, pp. 62, 64.
14. ^ Hoare 2002, p. viii.
15. ^ ^{a b} Stevens 1983, ch. 1.
16. ^ Hoare 2002, pp. 8–9.
17. ^ ^{a b} Hoare 2002, p. ix.
18. ^ "Erik H. Erikson". Erikson Constitute. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
19. ^ Stevens 2008, p. 8.
20. ^ Schlein, Stephen, ed. (2009) [2005]. "Stephen Schlein Erik Erikson Papers". Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Academy. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved eleven March 2014.
21. ^ ^{a b} Thomas, Robert McG., Jr. (8 August 1997). "Joan Erikson Is Dead at 95; Shaped Thought on Life Cycles". The New York Times . Retrieved xxx Baronial 2013.
22. ^ Engler 2008, p. 151; Fadiman & Frager 2002, p. 208.
23. ^ Olsen, Rodney D.; Friedman, Lawrence J. (December 2000). "Identity's Architect: A Biography of Erik H. Erikson". The Journal of American History. 87 (three): 1112. doi:ten.2307/2675414. ISSN 0021-8723. JSTOR 2675414.
24. ^ Hoare 2002, p. 10.
25. ^ "Erik Erikson | American psychoanalyst | Britannica". www.britannica.com . Retrieved 4 December 2021.
26. ^ Hoare 2002, p. 11.
27. ^ "On this Day". New York Times. 2010.
28. ^ Boeree, C. George (2006) [1997]. "Erik Erikson, 1902–1994". Shippensburg, Pennsylvania: Shippensburg Academy. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
29. ^ Friedman 2000, pp. 253, 261–262.
30. ^ "Erik Erikson". psychology.fas.harvard.edu . Retrieved 4 December 2021.
31. ^ Erikson 1974.
32. ^ Stade, George (xix May 1976). "Byways of Our National Character". The New York Times . Retrieved 19 October 2017.
33. ^ Bynum-Grant, Daminga; Travis-Dinkins, Margaret (2010). Schaum's Outline of Psychiatric Nursing. New York: McGraw Hill Professional. p. eight. ISBN9780071623643.
34. ^ "1970 Pulitzer Prizes". The Pulitzer Prizes. New York: Columbia University. Retrieved twenty October 2017.
35. ^ "National Book Awards – 1970". New York: National Book Foundation. Retrieved viii March 2012.
36. ^ ^{a b} H., Erikson, Erik (1969). Gandhi's Truth : on the Origins of Militant Nonviolence. Norton. OCLC 868769096.
37. ^ Arnett 2000.
38. ^ "Erik Erikson". psychology.fas.harvard.edu . Retrieved 27 Nov 2021.
39. ^ Vogel-Scibilia, Suzanne E.; McNulty, Kathryn Cohan; Baxter, Beth; Miller, Steve; Dine, Max; Frese, Frederick J. (2009). "The Recovery Process Utilizing Erikson'south Stages of Human being Development". Customs Mental Health Journal. 45 (6): 405–414. doi:x.1007/s10597-009-9189-four. ISSN 0010-3853. PMC2791471. PMID 19533350.
40. ^ Erikson, Erik H. (1963). Childhood and Society (2d ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. Cited in Engler 2014, p. 142.
41. ^ Engler 2014, p. 143.
42. ^ study.com https://written report.com/academy/lesson/basic-trust-mistrust-erik-eriksons-theory.html. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
43. ^ Rotenberg, Ken J. (i December 1995). "The Socialisation of Trust: Parents' and Children's Interpersonal Trust". International Journal of Behavioral Evolution. 18 (4): 713–726. doi:10.1177/016502549501800408. ISSN 0165-0254. S2CID 145704944.
44. ^ ^{a b c d east f yard h i j} McLeod, Saul (2017). "Erik Erikson". Simply Psychology.
45. ^ Wijoyo, Eriyono Budi; Mustikasari, Mustikasari (23 May 2020). "Psychosocial Aspects of Erickson Model on Toileting Behavior For Toddler Ages: Case Study". Jurnal Ilmiah Keperawatan Indonesia. 3 (1): one–nine. doi:10.31000/jiki.v3i1.1485. ISSN 2580-3077.
46. ^ Hurrell, Kristen; Stack, Margaret (2020), "Initiative Versus Guilt", in Zeigler-Colina, Virgil; Shackelford, Todd K. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 2257–2259, doi:10.1007/978-iii-319-24612-3_597, ISBN978-3-319-24612-3, S2CID 241069450, retrieved 19 June 2021
47. ^ "[PDF] Erik Erikson | Psychosocial Stages - Simply Psychology - Free Download PDF". docuri.com . Retrieved 18 June 2021.
48. ^ "The Developing Cocky". Freedom University - Form Apps . Retrieved 1 October 2021.
49. ^
50. ^ Hutchison, Elizabeth (2007). Dimensions of Human being Behavior: The Changing Life Course. One thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. p. 290. ISBN9781412941266.
51. ^ Slater, Charles 50. (2003). Journal of Adult Evolution. 10: 53–65. doi:10.1023/a:1020790820868. S2CID 140501567.
52. ^ Van De H2o, Donna A.; McAdams, Dan P. (1989). "Generativity and Erikson's "conventionalities in the species"". Journal of Research in Personality. 23 (4): 435–449. doi:10.1016/0092-6566(89)90013-5. ISSN 0092-6566.
53. ^ Slater, Charles L. (2003). "Generativity versus stagnation: An elaboration of Erikson's developed stage of human evolution". Periodical of Adult Evolution. 10 (1): 53–65. doi:10.1023/a:1020790820868. ISSN 1068-0667. S2CID 140501567.
54. ^ Capps, Donald (1 September 2004). "The Decades of Life: Relocating Erikson'due south Stages". Pastoral Psychology. 53 (1): 3–32. doi:10.1023/B:PASP.0000039322.53775.2b. ISSN 1573-6679. S2CID 144519449.
55. ^ Westerhof, Gerben J.; Bohlmeijer, Ernst T.; McAdams, Dan P. (1 May 2017). "The Relation of Ego Integrity and Despair to Personality Traits and Mental Health". The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. 72 (3): 400–407. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbv062. ISSN 1079-5014. PMID 26443014.
56. ^ Erikson & Erikson 1997, p. 61.
57. ^ Capps, Donald (2014). Erik Erikson'southward Verbal Portraits: Luther, Gandhi, Einstein, Jesus. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 106. ISBN9781442241510.
58. ^ ^{a b} Wulff, David M. (1991). Psychology of Religion: Archetype and Contemporary Views. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 369–398. ISBN0471502367.
59. ^ Erikson, Erik H. (1980). Identity and the Life Cycle. New York: West. Due west. Norton. p. 64. ISBN0393009491.
60. ^ Erikson, Erik H. (1966). "Ontogeny of Ritualization in Man". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Lodge of London, Series B. 251 (772): 337–349. Bibcode:1966RSPTB.251..337E. doi:10.1098/rstb.1966.0019. S2CID 83998401.
61. ^ Erikson, Erik H. (1982). The Life Bike Completed: A Review. New York: Due west. W. Norton. pp. 32–33. ISBN0393302296.
62. ^ Erikson Bloland, Sue (2015). "Evidence Me a Hero and I Will Write You a Tragedy". New Philosopher. No. ten. Interviewed by Boag, Zan. ISSN 2201-7151. Archived from the original on xx October 2017. Retrieved 20 Oct 2017.
63. ^ Leiter, Robert (29 Nov 1999). "The Corrosive Nature of Fame". Jewish World Review . Retrieved 20 October 2017.
64. ^ Erikson Bloland 2005, pp. 67.
65. ^ Scribner'southward Encyclopedia of American Lives
66. ^ Erikson, Erik H. (1994). Insight and responsibility : lectures on the upstanding implications of psychoanalytic insight (Norton pbk. ed.). New York: W.West. Norton. ISBN0-393-31214-three. OCLC 31741383.
67. ^ Kemph, John P. (1969). "Erik H. Erikson. Identity, youth and crisis. New York: W. Westward. Norton Company, 1968". Behavioral Scientific discipline. 14 (2): 154–159. doi:x.1002/bs.3830140209. ISSN 1099-1743.
68. ^ Erikson, Erik H. (1975). Life history and the historical moment (First ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN0-393-01103-8. OCLC 1055523.
69. ^ Erikson, Erik H. (1978). Toys and reasons: stages in the ritualization of experience. Boyars. ISBN0-7145-2629-0. OCLC 315744364.
70. ^ Erik H. Erikson (1978). Adulthood: essays (1st ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN0-393-01165-eight. OCLC 3414835.
71. ^ Erikson, Erik H.; Joan Thousand. Erikson; Helen Q. Kivnick (1986). Vital involvement in old age (1st ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN0-393-02359-1. OCLC 13821644.
72. ^ Erikson, Erik H.; Joan K. Erikson (1997). The life wheel completed. New York: W.Westward. Norton. ISBN0-393-03934-X. OCLC 35198742.
73. ^ Erikson, Erik H. (1959). Identity and the life cycle : selected papers. International Universities Press. OCLC 1016208029.

Works cited [edit]

• Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen (2000). "Emerging Machismo: A Theory of Evolution from the Tardily Teens Through the Twenties". American Psychologist. 55 (5): 469–480. CiteSeerX10.ane.1.462.7685. doi:x.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469. ISSN 1935-990X. PMID 10842426.
• Burston, Daniel (2007). Erik Erikson and the American Psyche: Ego, Ideals, and Evolution. Lanham, Maryland: Jason Aronson. ISBN978-0-7657-0495-5.
• Eckenfels, Edward J. (2008). Doctors Serving People: Restoring Humanism to Medicine through Student Community Service. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. ISBN978-0-8135-4315-iv.
• Engler, Barbara (2008). Personality Theories: An Introduction (eighth ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN978-0-547-14834-two.
• ———  (2014). Personality Theories: An Introduction (9th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN978-i-285-08880-8.
• Erikson, Erik H. (1974). Dimensions of a New Identity. Jefferson Lectures in the Humanities. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN978-0-393-00923-1.
• Erikson, Erik H.; Erikson, Joan M. (1997). The Life Cycle Completed (extended ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company (published 1998). ISBN978-0-393-34743-2.
• Erikson Bloland, Sue (2005). In the Shadow of Fame: A Memoir past the Daughter of Erik H. Erikson. New York: Viking Printing. ISBN978-0-670-03374-iv.
• Fadiman, James; Frager, Robert (2002). Personality and Personal Growth (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN978-0-13-040961-four.
• Friedman, Lawrence Jacob (2000). Identity'southward Architect: A Biography of Erik H. Erikson. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN978-0-674-00437-5.
• Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason Due east.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris G.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell, John 50., III; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (2002). "The 100 Nearly Eminent Psychologists of the 20th Century". Review of General Psychology. 6 (2): 139–152. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.half dozen.2.139. ISSN 1939-1552. S2CID 145668721. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
• Heathcoate, Ann (2010). "Eric Berne'south Development of Ego State Theory: Where Did Information technology All Begin and Who Influenced Him?" (PDF). Transactional Assay Periodical. 40 (3–iv): 254–260. doi:ten.1177/036215371004000310. ISSN 2329-5244. S2CID 51749399. Retrieved xx October 2017.
• Hoare, Carol Hren (2002). Erikson on Development in Adulthood: New Insights from the Unpublished Papers. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-nineteen-513175-8.
• Osmer, Richard; Bridgers, Lynn (2018) [2015]. "James Fowler". Christian Educators of the 20th Century. La Mirada, California: Biola Academy. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
• Paranjpe, Anand C. (2005). "Erikson, Erik Homburger". In Shook, John R. (ed.). The Dictionary of Mod American Philosophers. Vol. 2. Bristol, England: Thoemmes Continuum. pp. 734–737. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199754663.001.0001. ISBN978-1-84371-037-0.
• Stevens, Richard (1983). Erik Erikson: An Introduction . New York: St. Martin'southward Press. ISBN978-0-312-25812-2.
• ———  (2008). Erik H. Erikson: Explorer of Identity and the Life Cycle. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-1-4039-9986-three.

Further reading [edit]

• Andersen, D. C. (1993). "Beyond Rumor and Reductionism: A Textual Dialogue with Erik H. Erikson". The Psychohistory Review. 22 (1): 35–68. ISSN 0363-891X. PMID 11623368.
• Bondurant, Joan 5.; Fisher, Margaret W.; Sutherland, J. D. (1971). "Gandhi: A Psychoanalytic View". Review of Gandhi's Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence by Erikson, Erik H. The American Historical Review. 76 (4): 1104–1115. doi:10.2307/1849243. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1849243.
• Brenman-Gibson, Margaret (1997). "The Legacy of Erik Hamburger Erikson". Psychoanalytic Review. 84 (3): 329–335. ISSN 0033-2836. PMID 9279928.
• Capps, Donald; Capps, Walter H.; Bradford, Grand. Gerald, eds. (1977). Encounter with Erikson: Historical Estimation and Religious Biography. Missoula, Montanta: Scholars Press.
• Carney, J. E. (1993). "'Is It Really And then Terrible Her?': Karl Menninger's Pursuit of Erik Erikson". The Psychohistory Review. 22 (1): 119–153. ISSN 0363-891X. PMID 11623367.
• Coles, Robert (1970). Erik H. Erikson: The Growth of His Work . Boston: Little, Dark-brown and Company. OCLC 898775065.
• Coles, Robert; Fitzpatrick, J. J. (1976). "The Writings of Erik H. Erikson". The Psychohistory Review. 5 (iii): 42–46. ISSN 0363-891X. PMID 11615801.
• Crunden, Robert M. (1973). "Freud, Erikson, and the Historian: A Bibliographical Survey". Canadian Review of American Studies. four (1): 48–64. doi:x.3138/CRAS-004-01-04. ISSN 0007-7720. PMID 11634791. S2CID 35564701.
• Douvan, Elizabeth (1997). "Erik Erikson: Critical Times, Critical Theory" (PDF). Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 28 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1023/A:1025188901554. hdl:2027.42/43955. ISSN 1573-3327. PMID 9256525. S2CID 22049620.
• Eagle, Morris (1997). "Contributions of Erik Erikson". Psychoanalytic Review. 84 (iii): 337–347. ISSN 0033-2836. PMID 9279929.
• Elms, Alan C. (2008). "Erikson, Erik Homburger". In Koertge, Noretta (ed.). New Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. two. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale Grouping. pp. 406–412. ISBN978-0-684-31322-1.
• Evans, Richard I. (1967). Dialogue with Erik Erikson. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co.
• Fitzpatrick, J. J. (1976). "Erik H. Erikson and Psychohistory". Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic. 40 (4): 295–314. ISSN 0025-9284. PMID 791417.
• Goethals, George W. (1976). "The Evolution of Sexual and Genital Intimacy: A Comparison of the Views of Erik H. Erikson and Harry Stack Sullivan". The Periodical of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis. 4 (4): 529–544. doi:10.1521/jaap.1.1976.4.four.529. ISSN 1546-0371. PMID 799636.
• Hoffman, L. E. (1993). "Erikson on Hitler: The Origins of 'Hitler's Imagery and German Youth'". The Psychohistory Review. 22 (1): 69–86. ISSN 0363-891X. PMID 11623369.
• Masson, J. L. (1974). "Republic of india and the Unconscious: Erik Erikson on Gandhi". The International Journal of Psycho-Assay. 55 (4): 519–529. ISSN 1745-8315. PMID 4616017.
• Roazen, Paul (1976). Erik H. Erikson: The Power and Limits of a Vision . New York: Free Printing.
• ———  (1993). "Erik H. Erikson as a Teacher". The Psychohistory Review. 22 (1): 101–117. ISSN 0363-891X. PMID 11623366.
• Schnell, R. L. (1980). "Contributions to Psychohistory: IV. Individual Experience in Historiography and Psychoanalysis: Significance of Erik Erikson and Robert Coles". Psychological Reports. 46 (2): 591–612. doi:10.2466/pr0.1980.46.two.591. ISSN 0033-2941. PMID 6992185. S2CID 35340912.
• Strozier, Charles B. (1976). "Disciplined Subjectivity and the Psychohistorian: A Disquisitional Wait at the Piece of work of Erik H. Erikson". The Psychohistory Review. 5 (iii): 28–31. ISSN 0363-891X. PMID 11615797.
• Wallerstein, Robert South.; Goldberger, Leo, eds. (1998). Ideas and Identities: The Life and Work of Erik Erikson. Madison, Connecticut: International Universities Press. ISBN978-0-8236-2445-4.
• Weiner, M. B. (1979). "Caring for the Elderly. Psychological Aging: Aspects of Normal Personality and Development in Old Age. Function 2. Erik Erikson: Resolutions of Psychosocial Tasks". The Periodical of Nursing Care. 12 (5): 27–28. PMID 374748.
• Welchman, Kit (2000). Erik Erikson: His Life, Work, and Significance. Buckingham, England: Open up University Press. ISBN978-0-335-20157-0.
• Wurgaft, Lewis D. (1976). "Erik Erikson: From Luther to Gandhi". Psychoanalytic Review. 63 (2): 209–233. ISSN 0033-2836. PMID 788015.
• Zock, Hetty (2004). A Psychology of Ultimate Concern: Erik H. Erikson's Contribution to the Psychology of Faith (second ed.). Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN978-ninety-5183-180-1.

External links [edit]

• Works by or about Erik Erikson at Internet Archive

robbinssonin1953.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Erikson

Share this post